![]() ![]() litura could consume a maximum of 1.89 and 4.89 mm2 of transgenic leaf area whereas the consumption of non-transgenic leaves by these larvae was significantly higher 58.33 and 61.22 mm2, respectively. The levels of Cry1Ca1 expression in the leaves of these transgenic plants were up to 0.34% of the total soluble proteins. High levels of Cry1Ca1 protein were obtained in the leaves of transgenic rice, which were effective in achieving 100% mortality of S. Transgenic rice plants harboring this gene were highly resistant to Chilo suppressalis and Spodoptera litura larvae as revealed by insect bioassays. The synthetic gene was introduced into the Chinese japonica variety, Xiushui 11, by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The overall G + C contents of the synthetic cry1Ca1 coding sequence were raised to 65% with an additional bias of enriching for G and C ending codons as preferred by monocots. ![]() Nucleotide sequence encoding the truncated insecticidal Cry1Ca1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis was extensively modified based on the codon usage of rice genes. These new molecular tools will further facilitate investigation into the mechanisms of disease in the hamster, not only for models of leishmaniasis, but also for other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. Conclusions The duplex real-time RT PCR assays provide a powerful approach for the quantification of cytokine transcription in hamsters, and their application to a model of cutaneous leishmaniasis suggests that a balanced type 1 and type 2 cytokine response contributes to the chronic, nonprogressive course of disease. Application of the real-time RT PCR assays to a biological model was demonstrated by comparing mRNA expression in skin and lymph node tissues between uninfected and Leishmania panamensis infected hamsters. Standard curves and validation experiments were performed for each real-time RT-PCR assay, allowing us to use the comparative Ct (2-ΔΔCt) method to calculate changes in gene expression. Results Real-time RT-PCR primers and probes were synthesized for analysis of interleukin (IL)-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12p40, TGF-β, IL-13, IL-21, chemokine ligand (CCL) 22, CCL17, Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 and FoxP3 expression. To address this limitation we developed duplex real-time reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR assays for the relative quantification of the mRNAs of hamster cytokines, chemokines, and related immune response molecules. Studies in hamsters are limited by the relative unavailability of tools to conduct immunological studies. We expect that these libraries will be a valuable resource and provide additional useful microsatellite markers for both the coral host and zooxanthellae.īackground The Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, has distinct immunological features and is uniquely susceptible to intracellular pathogens. Expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.38-0.85 and 0.08-0.87 for A. Using 25 individuals per species collected from each French Frigate Shoals (FF) and Johnston Atoll (JO), the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2-9. cytherea, and 8 microsatellites and the atpsβ locus from M. We report testing and optimization for 7 of these microsatellites from A. In addition, we also present redesigned primers for the nuclear coding region (atpsβ) for use in M. Blast searches indicate that these libraries contain microsatellites from both the coral host and Symbiodinium endosymbionts from each coral. Here we report the development of microsatellite marker libraries from holobiont extracts of four corals: Acropora cytherea (n = 50), Fungia scutaria (n = 118), Montipora capitata (n = 140) and Porites lobata (n = 149). The Hawaiian archipelago offers a unique perspective into understanding the population genetic structuring of this ecologically important group of organisms. Comprehensive population genetic studies of coral communities are comparatively rare because of the scarcity of population genetic markers for many coral species. ![]()
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